4. Fortran90 Bindings for Charm++
Charm++ is a parallel object language based on C++. The f90charm module is to provide Fortran90 programs a f90 interface to Charm++. Using the F90Charm interface, users can write Fortran90 programs in a fashion similar to Charm++, which allows creation of parallel object arrays (Chare Arrays) and sending messages between them.
To interface Fortran90 to Charm++ and thus obtain a parallel version of your program you need to do the following things:
Write a Charm Interface file (extension .ci)
Write your F90 program with f90charmmain() as main program;
Write implementations of Chare entry methods in the F90 program;
Compile and Link with Charm’s Fortran library
Run it!
4.1. Overview
Here we suppose you already know most concepts in Charm++ and have done some Charm++ programming. Unlike in C++, we don’t have classes in Fortran90. Thus, a Chare in F90Charm is represented as a Fortran type structure. Here is an example:
! ## Just replace Hello throughout with your chare's name. ##
! ## and add your chare's personal data below where indicated ##
! ## Everything else remains the same ##
MODULE HelloMod
TYPE Hello
! ## your chare's data goes here, the integer below is an example ##
integer data
END TYPE
TYPE HelloPtr
TYPE (Hello), POINTER :: obj
integer*8 aid
END TYPE
END MODULE
You can think of this module as a Chare declaration. Type [Hello] defines arbitrary user program data and HelloPtr defines the Chare pointer which the Fortran program will use later to communicate with the F90Charm runtime library. The [aid] is the handle of the array returned by the F90Charm library, and the user shouldn’t change it.
In F90Charm as in Charm++, you need to write a .ci interface file so that the Charm translator will generate helper functions. The syntax of .ci files is the same as in Charm++, however, for F90Charm, there are certain constraints. First, you don’t need to declare the main chare as in Charm++. Second, F90Charm currently only supports up to 3D Chare arrays, and you cannot define Chare, Group, and NodeGroup types. Third, there are no message declarations in .ci files, all the entry functions must be declared in the parameter marshalling fashion of Charm++. Essentially, users can declare in .ci files readonly variables and 1-3D chare arrays with parameter marshalled entry methods.
It is the programmer’s responsibility to write the implementation of Chare entry methods. The decl and def files generated by Charm++’s translator define the interface functions programmer need to write.
For each Chare defined in the .ci file, the user must write these functions for F90Charm’s runtime:
SUBROUTINE <ChareName>_allocate(objPtr, aid, index)
You can think of this function as a constructor for each array element with array index [index]. For a 3D array, for example, you can replace index in the example by a 3D array index [index1, index2, index3]. In this function the user must allocate memory for the Chare’s user data and perform any initialization.
For each Chare entry method you have declared, you should write the corresponding Fortran90 subroutine for it:
SUBROUTINE <ChareName>_Entry_<EntryName>(charePtr, myIndex, data1, data2 ... )
Note that the first argument is the Chare pointer as declared
previously, and the second argument is the array index which will be passed
from the Charm runtime. The rest of the parameters should be the same as
declared in the .ci file. For higher dimensional
arrays, replace myIndex
by myIndex1, myIndex2
for example.
On the caller side, the decl/def files generated by Charm++’s translator also provide the following functions for Chare creation and remote method invocation. For each Chare declared in .ci files, these subroutines are generated for use in Fortran90 code:
<ChareName>_CkNew(integer n, integer*8 aid)
This subroutine creates a chare array of size n
. For higher
dimensional array creation, specify one integer for each dimension. For
example, to create a 3D array:
<ChareName>_CkNew(integer dim1, integer dim2, integer dim3, integer*8 aid)
For each entry method, a corresponding Invoke
method is provided (1D
example shown here):
<ChareName>_Invoke_<EntryName>(charePtr, myIndex, data1, data2 ... )
This subroutine will send a message to the array element with index
myIndex
. Similarly, for arrays with higher dimensions, replace myIndex
by a corresponding number of array indices. Broadcasts are supported as
well:
<ChareName>_Broadcast_<EntryName>(charePtr, data1, data2 ... )
There are several others things you need to know.
First, as in Charm++, each .ci file will generate two header files: .decl.h and .def.h. However, in Fortran90 charm, you are not able to include these C++ files in Fortran90 code. Thus, currently, it is the user’s task to write a short C++ file including these two headers files. You should also provide definitions for readonly variables in this C++ file. It can be as simple as this:
#include "hello.decl.h"
int chunkSize; // define readonly variables here
#include "hello.def.h"
In the future, this file could be generated automatically by the translator.
Second, you can still use readonly variables as in Charm++. However, since there are no global variables as in C++ in Fortran90, you have to access them explicitly via function call. Here are the two helper functions that the translator generates:
Take the readonly variable chunkSize as an example:
Set_Chunksize(chunkSize);
Get_Chunksize(chunkSize);
These two functions can be used in user’s Fortran program to set and get readonly variables.
Third, for the user’s convenience, several Charm++ runtime library functions have their Fortran interface defined in the F90Charm library. These currently include:
CkExit()
CkMyPe(integer mype)
CkNumPes(integer pes)
CkPrintf(...) // note, the format string must terminated with '$$'
Here is a summary of current constraints to write F90 binding Charm++ programs:
Only one- to three-dimensional chare arrays are supported.
readonly variables must be basic types, i.e. they have to be integers, floats, etc. scalar types or array types of these basic scalar types.
Instead of
program main
, your f90 main program starts fromsubroutine f90charmmain
.
These details are best illustrated with an example: a hello world program.
When executed, an array of several parallel chares is created, forming a ring.
Each chare prints a string when it receives a message, and then sends a
message to the next chare in the ring. The Fortran f90charmmain
subroutine
begins execution, and the SayHi
subroutine performs each chare’s task.
4.2. Writing the Charm++ Interface File
In this step, you need to write a Charm++ interface file (.ci). In the file you can declare parallel chare arrays and their entry methods. The syntax is the same as in Charm++.
// ## Just replace Hello throughout with your chare's name. ##
// ## and add your chare's entry points below where indicated ##
// ## Everything else remains the same ##
mainmodule hello {
// declare readonly variables which once set is available to all
// Chares across processors.
readonly int chunkSize;
array [1D] Hello {
entry Hello();
// Note how your Fortran function takes the above defined
// message instead of a list of parameters.
entry void SayHi(int a, double b, int n, int arr[n]);
// Other entry points go here
entry [reductiontarget] void MyReduction(int result);
};
};
Note, you cannot declare a main chare in the interface file, and you also are not supposed to declare messages. Furthermore, the entry functions must be declared with explicit parameters instead of using messages.
4.3. Writing the F90 Program
To start, you need to create a Fortran Module to represent a chare, e.g. {ChareName}Mod.
! ## Just replace Hello throughout with your chare's name. ##
! ## and add your chare's personal data below where indicated ##
! ## Everything else remains the same ##
MODULE HelloMod
TYPE Hello
! ## your chare's data goes here ##
integer data
END TYPE
TYPE HelloPtr
TYPE (Hello), POINTER :: obj
integer*8 aid
END TYPE
END MODULE
In the Fortran file you must write an allocate function for this chare with the name: Hello_allocate.
! ## Just replace Hello throughout with your chare's name. ##
! ## Everything else remains the same ##
SUBROUTINE Hello_allocate(objPtr, aid, index)
USE HelloMod
TYPE(HelloPtr) objPtr
integer*8 aid
integer index
allocate(objPtr%obj)
objPtr%aid = aid;
! ## you can initialize the Chare user data here
objPtr%obj%data = index
END SUBROUTINE
Now that you have the chare and the chare constructor function, you can start to write entry functions as declared in the .ci files.
! ## p1, p2, etc represent user parameters
! ## the "objPtr, myIndex" stuff is required in every Entry Point.
! ## CkExit() must be called by the chare to terminate.
SUBROUTINE Hello_Entry_SayHi(objPtr, myIndex, data, data2, len, s)
USE HelloMod
IMPLICIT NONE
TYPE(HelloPtr) objPtr
integer myIndex
integer data
double precision data2
integer len
integer s(len)
objPtr%obj%data = 20
if (myIndex < 4) then
call Hello_Invoke_SayHi(objPtr%aid, myIndex+1, 1, data2, len, s);
else
call CkExit()
endif
Preliminary support for reductions is available as well. Support is limited to reducing from a chare array to the first member of the same array. Only basic built-in reducers are available. For an entry method named MyReduction, tagged as a reduction target in the interface file, a contribution can be made as follows:
external Hello_ReductionTarget_MyReduction
call Hello_contribute(objPtr%aid, myIndex, sizeof(myIndex), myValue, CHARM_SUM_INT, Hello_ReductionTarget_MyReduction)
Now, you can write the main program to create the chare array and start the program by sending the first message.
SUBROUTINE f90charmmain()
USE HelloMod
integer i
double precision d
integer*8 aid
integer s(8)
call Hello_CkNew(5, aid)
call set_ChunkSize(10);
do i=1,8
s(i) = i;
enddo
d = 2.50
call Hello_Invoke_SayHi(aid, 0, 1, d, 4, s(3:6));
END
This main program creates an chare array Hello of size 5 and send a message with an integer, an double and array of integers to the array element of index 0.
4.4. Compilation and Linking
Lastly, you need to compile and link the Fortran program with the Charm
runtime system as follows: (Let’s say you have written hellof.f90
, hello.ci
and
hello.C
.)
$ charmc hello.ci -language f90charm
will create hello.decl.h
and hello.def.h
.
$ charmc -c hello.C
will compile hello.C
with hello.decl.h
and hello.def.h
.
$ charmc -c hellof.f90
charmc will invoke the Fortran compiler:
$ charmc -o hello hello.o hellof.o -language f90charm
will link hellof.o
and hello.o
against Charm’s Fortran90 library to create
a new executable program, hello
.
A 2D array example can be found in charm/examples/charm++/f90charm/hello2D
.
4.5. Running the Program
To run the program, type:
$ ./charmrun +p2 hello
which will run hello
on two PEs.